Monthly Archives: May 2025

In my years of educational research and practice, I’ve found that the concept of a normative sample is often misunderstood yet critically important for effective educational assessment. A normative sample is a carefully selected group of individuals whose test performances establish the benchmark against which all other test-takers’ performances are compared. The quality of any…

As an educational researcher with extensive experience in literacy development, I can affirm that decoding represents one of the most fundamental yet frequently misunderstood processes in reading acquisition. Far from being a simple mechanical skill, decoding involves sophisticated cognitive processes that form the foundation for reading comprehension and lifelong literacy. In its most basic definition,…

The concept of conditioned stimulus (CS) holds a central position in learning theory and educational psychology, representing a fundamental mechanism through which new associations are formed and behaviors are acquired. Understanding this concept provides educators with valuable insights into how learning occurs and how instructional strategies can be designed to facilitate effective knowledge acquisition and…

Educational genomics, also known as educational neuroscience or neurogenomics, represents one of the most rapidly evolving and potentially transformative interdisciplinary fields in contemporary education. As an educational researcher who has closely followed the emergence of this field, I find that educational genomics offers unprecedented opportunities to understand the complex interplay between genetic factors, environmental influences,…