Monthly Archives: July 2025

Introduction In the landscape of educational planning, few methodologies have transformed instructional design as profoundly as Backward Design. Developed by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe in their influential work “Understanding by Design” (1998), this approach fundamentally reverses traditional planning processes by beginning with the end in mind. Rather than starting with activities or textbooks and…

Chapter 1: Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder Definition and Characteristics Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterised by a range of challenges in social interaction, communication, and behaviour. The term 'spectrum' reflects the wide variation in challenges and strengths that individuals with autism can exhibit. Some may have significant intellectual disabilities, while others…

Chapter 1: Introduction to Arts Education The Importance of Arts Education Arts education plays a crucial role in the holistic development of students. It not only nurtures creativity and imagination but also enhances critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Through various forms of artistic expression, such as visual arts, music, and drama, students learn to communicate…

Introduction The modern classroom represents a microcosm of society’s diversity, bringing together students with varying abilities, learning styles, backgrounds, and needs. As educational paradigms shift toward more inclusive approaches, educators face the challenge of creating learning environments that accommodate and empower all students. Inclusive education is predicated on the belief that all students, regardless of…