Yearly Archives: 2025

Introduction The achievement gap—persistent disparities in academic performance between different groups of students—represents one of the most pressing challenges in education systems worldwide. These gaps, typically observed along lines of race, socioeconomic status, language background, and geographic location, reflect broader societal inequities and have profound implications for social mobility, economic opportunity, and democratic participation. Closing…

Introduction Restorative justice represents a paradigm shift in how societies respond to harm, conflict, and wrongdoing. Unlike retributive approaches that focus primarily on punishment, restorative justice emphasizes healing relationships, repairing harm, and rebuilding community connections. This philosophy draws on indigenous practices from cultures worldwide while incorporating modern applications across criminal justice, education, community building, workplace…

Introduction Machine Learning (ML) represents one of the most transformative technological developments of the modern era. As a subfield of artificial intelligence, machine learning focuses on developing algorithms and models that enable computers to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data, without being explicitly programmed for specific tasks. From its theoretical foundations…

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved from a speculative concept to a transformative force reshaping industries, societies, and human potential. This revolutionary field draws on diverse disciplines including computer science, mathematics, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics. The development of AI has been driven by visionaries who have pushed the boundaries of what machines can…