Yearly Archives: 2025

The journey toward literacy begins long before a child reads their first word. As an educational researcher who has dedicated significant portions of my career to early literacy development, I've found that understanding the pre-reader stage is essential for effectively supporting children's reading development. A pre-reader is a child who has not yet developed the…

In educational assessment, few concepts carry more practical significance than the cut-off score. As someone who has extensively researched educational measurement and evaluation systems, I’ve observed how these seemingly straightforward numerical thresholds profoundly impact individual students, educational institutions, and policy decisions. A cut-off score, sometimes called a cut score or passing score, represents a point…

Curriculum stands as one of the most fundamental yet frequently misunderstood concepts in education. As someone who has studied curriculum development across various educational contexts, I can attest that its definition extends far beyond the common perception of a simple syllabus or collection of textbooks. In its most comprehensive sense, curriculum encompasses all the planned…

As an educational psychologist with decades of experience studying cognitive development, I find the preoperational stage to be one of the most fascinating periods in a child's intellectual journey. This critical developmental phase, identified by Jean Piaget in his theory of cognitive development, typically spans from approximately ages 2 to 7 years and serves as…