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Introduction The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), originally passed as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) in 1975, represents one of the most significant civil rights advances for children with disabilities in American history. This landmark legislation guaranteed a free appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment for all children…

Introduction Metacognition—the awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes, often described as “thinking about thinking”—has emerged as a pivotal concept influencing education, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, and human development. Since its formal introduction in the 1970s, metacognition has evolved from a specialized psychological construct to a fundamental component of effective learning, problem-solving, decision-making, and…

Introduction Emotional intelligence—the ability to recognize, understand, manage, and effectively express one’s own emotions and to understand and influence the emotions of others—has emerged as a powerful concept influencing psychology, education, business, healthcare, and personal development. From its academic origins in the 1990s to its widespread application across diverse domains today, emotional intelligence has transformed…

Introduction The theory of Multiple Intelligences (MI), first proposed by Howard Gardner in 1983, revolutionized how we understand human cognitive capabilities by suggesting that intelligence is not a single, fixed entity but rather a diverse set of relatively autonomous capacities. This paradigm shift challenged the traditional notion of IQ as the sole measure of intelligence…